Confounding

Confounding is defined as the confusion or distortion of measures of association between exposure and outcome as a result of third (or more) variable(s).

We have to with a Heart ſearching God, who will find out every unworthy Communicant to his utter Shame and Confuſion ; when God examins ſuch, his Queſtions will be Nonpluſſing and Confounding,[…]

But, Lord my God, help me so to remember that thou mayest forget them ; so to charge them upon myself, that thou mayest never lay them to my charge ; so to keep them before my eyes, to abase and humble my soul, that thou mayest hide thy face from my sins, and blot out all my iniquities ; especially those that are so confounding and terrible to my thought.

It is too suggestive and too confounding to be met but in the spirit of study.

Upon which Flora returned to take care of her, and hovered about her on a sofa, intermingling kind offices and incoherent scraps of conversation in a manner so confounding, that whether she pressed the Marshalsea to take a spoonful of unclaimed dividends, for it would do her good ;[…]

Theſe things are very confounding, and no Man can be prepar'd to debate with Men, that will thus go upon all manner of Poſſibilities.

There are thousands of species of seafood, each with its own characteristics of flavor and texture. Add to this an infinite number of preparation methods and sauces, and the wine choice becomes very confounding.

Infection affects many in this population, and it is very difficult particularly to define their status. Is what is given the right choice? In infection sometimes when therapy is given nothing happens and people say it doesn’t do anything. When we look at a number of studies, this is a very confounding factor making it difficult to compare them.