Fjord

About 20 English miles beyond this river, which is the largest in Norway, the road crosses the fjord which forms the boundary of the two kingdoms [Norway and Sweden]; and whose waters but too often in former days were dyed with the life-blood of many a bold mountaineer who crossed the "border stream" never to return.

At last one gave a deep groan, and another declared that the spirits of the fiord were against them, and there was no doubt that their boat was now lying twenty fathoms deep, at the bottom of the creek; drawn down by the strong hand of an angry water-spirit. [...] Another said he would not go till he had looked abroad over the fiord, for some chance of seeing the boat.

Like most of the larger inlets, and some of the inland lakes, the Sogne fjord is much deeper than the sea beyond, the depth in places being upwards of 4,000 feet, [...] Before the "glacial epoch," thousands of streams commenced the work of erosion and produced valleys and gorges. During the glacial epoch these channels were enlarged, and lake basins were hollowed out. The descending glaciers ground out fjords to their full length when the glacial epoch was at its height, but as it declined they ground out the inner parts to a still greater depth, producing the present character of the marine fjords, and giving rise to lake hollows in other places.

Disenchantment Bay, as the Yakutat Bay inlet is called north of Point Latouche, is bordered on the east by the steep hills of the peninsula and on the west by the main mountain front. Its coast is precipitous and through nearly its entire length it is a true mountain-walled fiord. The two mountain walls approach each other at Point Latouche almost at right angles, and Disenchantment Bay enters between them with a nearly north-south axis.

In the center of Mount Desert Island is deep Somes Sound, almost bisecting the island and forming the only natural fjord on the entire Atlantic Coast of North America.

The warm Alaska Current raises the water temperature off the coast of the monument to approximately 55°F. in the summer, while winter temperatures range from 37.5° to 40°F. Temperatures in individual fjords vary due to tidewater glaciers and fresh water flowing into the fjords [...].

Attracted by pristine fjords to kayak, Viking ruins to hike, or simply icebergs to watch, about 31,000 tourists visited Greenland last year, a large number for an island that has only 56,000 inhabitants. […] Every summer, Ilulissat Kangerlua, a fjord two miles south of Ilulissat, presents the spectacle of the world's largest concentration of icebergs outside of Antarctica.

Why should the flow of water within a fjord be of interest to the geologist? After all, fjordic geomorphology has changed little over the last few thousand years. One reason is that attention has recently focused on fjords as archives of Holocene climate change.