Noradrenenergic

In certain areas of the brain, serotoninergic and noradrenenergic neurons mediate reciprocal events, with normal functioning reflecting a balance between opposing stimuli. This type of model has been constructed to account for dopaminergic-cholinergic interactions in Parkinson's Disease and tardive dyskinesia and for serotoninergic-noradrenenergic imbalances in certain types of endogenous depression.

Van der Kolk et al. (1985), van der Kolk (1988), and Kosten and Krystal (1988) proposed that depletion of central noradrenenergic systems might explain the negative symptoms of PTSD.

Biochemical and psychophysiological studies of children with conduct-disorders and aggressive tendencies suggest that there are differences in the brain's noradrenenergic and serotonergic systems associated with the activation and inhibition of aggression.

Recently, HNF-6, OC-2 and OC-3 (Onecut3) have been found to also control the development of Locus Coeruleus (the main noradrenenergic nucleus in the vertebrate central nervous system), which regulates several processes such as arousal, sleep, adaptive behaviors and stress.